Mapping of multitemporal rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth stages using remote sensing with multi-sensor and machine learning : a thesis dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

Figure 2.1 is adapted and re-used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.Rice (Oryza Sativa) plays a pivotal role in food security for Asian countries, especially in Indonesia. Due to the increasing pressure of environmental changes, such as land use and climate, rice cultivation areas need to be monitored regularly and spatially to ensure sustainable rice production. Moreover, timely information of rice growth stages (RGS) can lead to more efficient of inputs distribution from water, seed, fertilizer, and pesticide. One of the efficient solutions for regularly mapping the rice crop is using Earth observation satellites. Moreover, the increasing availability of open access satellite images such as Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 provides ample opportunities to map continuous and high-resolution rice growth stages with greater accuracy. The majority of the literature has focused on mapping rice area, cropping patterns and relied mainly on the phenology of vegetation. However, the mapping process of RGS was difficult to assess the accuracy, time-consuming, and depended on only one sensor. In this work, we discuss the use of machine learning algorithms (MLA) for mapping paddy RGS with multiple remote sensing data in near-real-time. The study area was Java Island, which is the primary rice producer in Indonesia. This study has investigated: (1) the mapping of RGS using Landsat-8 imagery and different MLAs, and their rigorous performance was evaluated by conducting a multitemporal analysis; (2) the temporal consistency of predicting RGS using Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 data; (3) evaluating the correlation of local statistics data and paddy RGS using Sentinel-2, PROBA-V, and Sentinel-1 with MLAs. The ground truth datasets were collected from multi-year web camera data (2014-2016) and three months of the field campaign in different regions of Java (2018). The study considered the RGS in the analysis to be vegetative, reproductive, ripening, bare land, and flooding, and MLAs such as support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) were used. The temporal consistency matrix was used to compare the classification maps within three sensor datasets (Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, Sentinel-1) and in four periods (5, 10, 15, 16 days). Moreover, the result of the RGS map was also compared with monthly data from local statistics within each sub-district using cross-correlation analysis. The result from the analysis shows that SVM with a radial base function outperformed the RF and ANN and proved to be a robust method for small-size datasets (< 1,000 points). Compared to Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI gives less accuracy due to the lack of a red-edge band and larger pixel size (30 x 30 m). Integration of Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 improved the classification performance and increased the temporal availability of cloud-free maps. The integration of PROBA-V and Sentinel-1 improved the classification accuracy from the Landsat-8 result, consistent with the monthly rice planting area statistics at the sub-district level. The western area of Java has the highest accuracy and consistency since the cropping pattern only relied on rice cultivation. In contrast, less accuracy was noticed in the eastern area because of upland rice cultivation due to limited irrigation facilities and mixed cropping. In addition, the cultivation of shallots to the north of Nganjuk Regency interferes with the model predictions because the cultivation of shallots resembles the vegetative phase due to the water banks. One future research idea is the auto-detection of the cropping index in the complex landscape to be able to use it for mapping RGS on a global scale. Detection of the rice area and RGS using Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be an action plan to disseminate the information quickly on a planetary scale. Our results show that the multitemporal Sentinel-1 combined with RF can detect rice areas with high accuracy (>91%). Similarly, accurate RGS maps can be detected by integrating multiple remote sensing (Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI, and MOD13Q1) data with acceptable accuracy (76.4%), with high temporal frequency and lower cloud interference (every 16 days). Overall, this study shows that remote sensing combined with the machine learning methodology can deliver information on RGS in a timely fashion, which is easy to scale up and consistent both in time and space and matches the local statistics. This thesis is also in line with the existing rice monitoring projects such as Crop Monitor, Crop Watch, AMIS, and Sen4Agri to support disseminating information over a large area. To sum up, the proposed workflow and detailed map provide a more accurate method and information in near real-time for stakeholders, such as governmental agencies against the existing mapping method. This method can be introduced to provide accurate information to rice farmers promptly with sufficient inputs such as irrigation, seeds, and fertilisers for ensuring national food security from the shifting planting time due to climate change

METODE CEPAT IDENTIFIKASI JARINGAN IRIGASI TERSIER DALAM PROSES PERBAIKAN IRIGASI

The availability of water can not be separated from good tertiary irrigation network, apart from the available Secondary and Primary networks and also irrigation dams. Apart from funding, monitoring of JIT (Tertiary Irrigation Network) during the development and implementation is important. Identification of JIT condition is necessary for repairs, and problem frequently arise is the lack of rapid and accurate report from monitoring the condition. A rapid identification method that is simple, fast and accurate, provides an alternative in implementing the irrigation network monitoring. With a simple device that is Android-based mobile phone, equipped with a variety of applications, such as GPS Test, Open camera, GPS Photo Viewer and Photo folders, it is easier in monitoring of JIT. Results of monitoring in West Lombok using rapid method as an alternative, provided an option, better than the old method, with garmin gps, pictures with coordinates that can be sent directly, via social media, so that monitoring can be viewed simultaneously in the field and in the central office, monitoring information did not require a long time in the reports, and impact evaluation could be faster

Sistem Teknologi Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu

Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi hasil penelitian akan bermanfaat jika sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna dan disampaikan secara cepat dan tepat waktu. Salah satu pendekatan yang sering digunakan masa kini adalah pengembangan sistem teknologi informasi yang telah diaplikasikan di berbagai bidang. Makalah ini memaparkan pengemasan informasi kalender tanam tanaman padi dalam bentuk Sistem Teknologi Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu Berbasis Web. Pengembangan sistem dilaksanakan dalam bentuk desk study, yang terdiri atas lima tahap, yaitu 1) Inventarisasi data, 2) Penyusunan algoritme analisis, 3) Penyusunan desain sistem, 4) Pemrograman, dan 5) Pengujian dan operasi sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu. Produk ini dapat diakses melalui http://katam.litbang.deptan.go.id/ dan menjadi pedoman bagi pengguna sebelum memasuki musim tanam ke depan. Informasi kalender tanam terpadu yang tersedia sampai tingkat kecamatan dan meliputi prediksi awal waktu tanam, estimasi luas tanam, potensi wilayah rawan banjir dan kekeringan, potensi serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman, rekomendasi varietas, serta rekomendasi dosis dan kebutuhan pupuk. Sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu bersifat dinamis. Oleh karena itu, baik substansi maupun sistem perlu dievaluasi, diperbarui, dan diperbaiki melalui kegiatan verifikasi dan validasi. Hal ini perlu pemeliharaan (maintenance) terus menerus, agar kebutuhan pengguna mengenai waktu tanam, dan informasi rekomendasi teknologi dapat dipenuhi lebih akurat

Aplikasi Android Pada Sistem Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu

Kemajuan teknologi informasi dewasa ini sangat pesat. Mulai dengan penggunaan telepon selular yang hanya digunakan untuk mengirimkan pesan singkat atau berkomunikasi biasa sampai dengan telepon pintar (smart phone).Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian dalam USAha penyebaran informasi pertanian, berusaha menggunakan teknologi informasi tersebut semaksimal mungkin. Salah satu contoh adalah penyebaran informasi kalender tanam terpadu, yang bukan hanya berbasis website saja, tetapi juga berbasis SMS dan Android. Makalah ini bertujuan ntuk memaparkan pengembangan aplikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk diseminasi informasi tanam terpadu menggunakan aplikasi mobile berbasis Android. Materi yang digunakan dalam penyusunan aplikasi ini tentunya terkait dengankalender tanam, yaitu standing crop yang diekstrak dari citra satelit MODIS, data hasil monitoring CCTV, estimasi waktu dan luas tanam, status tingkat kerawanan banjir dan kekeringan tingkat kabupaten, status organisme pengganggu tanaman, rekomendasi varietas dan prakiraan kebutuhan benih, rekomendasi dan kebutuhan pupuk, dan mekanisasi pertanian. Metode yang digunakan secara umum adalah pendekatan pengembangan sistem berbasis Android. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah tersedianya dan terpakainya aplikasi Android pada sistem informasi katam terpadu. Pada intinya pengguna dapat menggunakan smartphone untuk mendapatkan informasi terkini mengenai kalender tanam pertanian secara cepat. Cepatnya mendapatkan informasi pertanian diharapkan membantu petani dan masyarakat pertanian melakukan budidaya pertanian secara lebih akurat agar terhindar dari kegagalan

Deteksi Alih Fungsi Lahan Padi Sawah Menggunakan Sentinel-2 dan Google Earth Engine di Kota Serang, Provinsi Banten

Land is one of the main factors in rice production. However, the transfer of agricultural land functions to other sectors continues and becomes a challenge in the food supply in Indonesia. Serang City is one of the rice-producing areas in Banten Province. This study aims to analyze changes in the transfer of rice field functions to other sectors by mapping rice field cover using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery in 2021 compared to 2019 with the Random Forest method by using Google Earth Engine (GEE) applications and cloud computing support. The study results showed that the cover of rice fields in Serang City in 2021 decreased by 602.87 ha (-7.20%) compared to 2019 from the total land cover. Land cover in other vegetation was also reduced by 242 ha (-2.45%), while urban land cover in 2021 increased by 781.82 ha (10.89%). This study shows that there has been a change in land transfer in Serang City due to urban expansion in 3 years, as well as that the use of GEE can streamline monitoring of changes in land transfer and land use cover. &nbsp; Keywords: rice field, Google Earth Engine, Sentinel-

SISTEM TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI KALENDER TANAM TERPADU

Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi hasil penelitian akan bermanfaat jika sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna dan disampaikan secara cepat dan tepat waktu. Salah satu pendekatan yang sering digunakan masa kini adalah pengembangan sistem teknologi informasi yang telah diaplikasikan di berbagai bidang. Makalah ini memaparkan pengemasan informasi kalender tanam tanaman padi dalam bentuk Sistem Teknologi Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu Berbasis Web. Pengembangan sistem dilaksanakan dalam bentuk desk study, yang terdiri atas lima tahap, yaitu 1) Inventarisasi data, 2) Penyusunan algoritme analisis, 3) Penyusunan desain sistem, 4) Pemrograman, dan 5) Pengujian dan operasi sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu. Produk ini dapat diakses melalui http://katam.litbang.deptan.go.id/ dan menjadi pedoman bagi pengguna sebelum memasuki musim tanam ke depan. Informasi kalender tanam terpadu yang tersedia sampai tingkat kecamatan dan meliputi prediksi awal waktu tanam, estimasi luas tanam, potensi wilayah rawan banjir dan kekeringan, potensi serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman, rekomendasi varietas, serta rekomendasi dosis dan kebutuhan pupuk. Sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu bersifat dinamis. Oleh karena itu, baik substansi maupun sistem perlu dievaluasi, diperbarui, dan diperbaiki melalui kegiatan verifikasi dan validasi. Hal ini perlu pemeliharaan (maintenance) terus menerus, agar kebutuhan pengguna mengenai waktu tanam, dan informasi rekomendasi teknologi dapat dipenuhi lebih akurat

ANALISIS DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN PANGAN PADA LAHAN KERING DAN RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASINYA

Changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events and in the variability of weather patterns will have significant consequences for stability of agricultural system. Research objectives were to a) analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Food Crops in Dryland b) develop a software prototype analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land; c) create a simulation with multiple scenarios of the impact of climate change on dry land. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.The activities were carried out by projecting precipitation using scenarios: a) SRESA2 (Scenarios of climate change by assuming economic growth is lower and population growth remains high so the rate of greenhouse gas emissions increased, b) SRESB1 (scenario of climate change by assuming mitigation efforts through expanding efficient use of energy and technology improvements so that the emission levels are lower) and making projections of production of upland rice and maize using Decission Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) as resource information in the preparation of prototype software information Systems Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production (SIDaPi TaPa). The system was built based on the analysis simulation model projections of production output DSSAT. Based on SRES scenarios A2, the decline in rainfall increased until 2050 in several districts, in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.Treatment of adaptation through SRESB1 scenarios could be effective to anticipate a decrease in rainfall in some regions, either in 2025 or 2050. In general, the region experiencing a decrease in rainfall will also decrease in production of both upland rice and maize production. The decline in upland rice production by SRESA2 scenario until 2050 was between 20-25%, and by a scenario adaptation SRESB1 the decline in production could be minimized to only between 7 -10%.The decline in maize production in the plot until 2050 by SRESA2 was between 9-15%, using scenarios to reduce production SRESB1 was only 5-8%. SIDAPI TAPA is a software analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara

Institutional Innovation of Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System to Support Climate Change Adaptation for National Food Security

Government of Indonesia has set the rice surplus target of 10 million tons in 2014. This program requires integrated and comprehensive efforts of all stakeholders in central and local levels. The policy was set forth in form of Permentan No. 45/2011 and then implemented by the Director General of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) through a decree No. 178.1/Kpts/OT.160/I/7/2012 about For- mation of Integrated Cropping Calendar and Climate Change Task Force in each Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) for whole Indonesia. Additionally, IAARD has developed an Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System as a reference for policy makers in planning food crop management. The information system contains the next planting season estimation at sub-district level, which includes the initial time of planting, disaster-prone areas (flood, drought, and pests/diseases), as well as technology recommendation (varieties, seed, and fertilizer). In order to make an operational standard for AIAT Task Force, the Technical Guideline of Integrated Cropping Calendar and Climate Change is imperative. This article contains the summary of the technical guideline for AIAT Task Force in support of Permentan No. 45/2011 and climate change adaptation for food security. An implication of implementation of the AIAT Task Force is an important part in improving the content of Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System that fits the needs of farmers and extension workers in the field in order to achieve the rice surplus target

Sistem Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu: Status Terkini Dan Tantangan Kedepan

Abstrak. Penetapan waktu tanam yang tepat merupakan salah satu penentu keberhasilan panen dan peningatan produktifitas tanaman pangan. Kearifan lokal dan cara konvensional yang digunakan untuk menerapkan pola tanam telah mengalami bias akibat pergeseran awal musim tanam. Untuk memandu penyuluh dalam menyesuaikan waktu dan pola tanam, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian mengembangkan Sistem Kalender Tanam Terpadu untuk menjawab permasalahan mendasar terkait dengan pengamanan dan peningkatan produksi beras nasional menghadapi varibilitas dan perubahan iklim. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan perkembangan sistem informasi kalender tanam terpadu berbasis web pada level kecamatan untuk seluruh Indonesia. Sistem ini dibangun dengan mengintegrasikan tiga sub-sistem, yaitu sub-sistem data, model dan pencarian, yang dapat diakses melalui alamat litbang.deptan.go.id. Informasi utama yang diperoleh dari sistem ini adalah estimasi awal waktu tanam tanaman padi untuk musim tanam yang akan datang. Selain itu, pengguna dapat memperoleh informasi wilayah yang rawan terkena bencana seperti kekeringan, banjir dan serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman. Informasi lain adalah rekomendasi teknologi berupa pupuk, varietas, dan kebutuhan benih yang perlu disiapkan pengguna sebelum masuk periode musim tanam tersebut. Oleh karena itu, sistem ini perlu diperbaiki minimal tiga kali setahun pada setiap awal musim tanam untuk seluruh kecamatan di Indonesia. Tantangan pengembangan sistem kalender tanam terpadu ke depan adalah: (1) pemanasan global mengakibatkan iklim yang sulit diprediksi dan mempengaruhi akurasi estimasi awal waktu tanam, (2) penurunan produktivitas dan produksi yang tentunya membutuhkan informasi inovasi teknologi yang makin kompleks, serta (3) alih fungsi dan fragmentasi lahan pertanian yang mengakibatkan pengurangan luas baku sawah. Pemeliharaan dan pengembangan sistem ini tetap diperlukan, untuk meningkatkan kualitas data maupun informasi agar semakin memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna.Abstract. The accuracy in determining time of planting is one of determining factors in securing good harvest and increasing yield of food crop. Local wisdom and other conventional ways applied previously in determining cropping pattern are no longer appropriate because of shifting seasons. As a guideline for extension workers in determining cropping pattern and time of planting, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development has published information system of integrated cropping calendar to secure national rice production in coping with climate variability and climate change. This paper aims to describe the development of web-based Information System of Integrated Cropping Calendar at a sub-district level. The system is constructed by integrating three sub-systems, namely sub-system data, model and query and can be accessed through the website address at www.litbang.deptan.go.id. The main information that can be obtained from this system is initial estimate of paddy planting time for the upcoming planting season. In addition, the users can obtain information on disaster prone areas such as droughts, floods and pests attack. Other informations are recommended technology for varieties, seed requirement and fertilizers, that be prepared by users prior to growing season period. Therefore, this system needs to be improved for all sub-districts in Indonesia at least three times a year of the beginning of each growing season. The challenges of developing integrated cropping calendar system for the future are: (1) global warming increases unpredictable weather that impacts on the accuracy of planting time estimate, (2) decreases in productivity and yield production which would require an increasingly technological innovation informations, and (3)land conversion and fragmentation of agricultural land resulting in reduction of paddy field area. Maintenance and development of this system are still needed, to improve the quality of data and information in order to meet the user needs

Tanjung Desa Adat, Budaya, dan Pesona Alamnya

This study analyzes the existence of Tanjung Village which is one of the traditional villages in Kampar Regency. In a traditional village, of course, there are customary law communities and also customary law that have strong correlations and ties. The people of Tanjung Village still maintain the basic cultural values ​​they have and are believed to be in the midst of the progress of civilization that is happening around them. Besides being rich in customs and culture, the natural charm found in this village is no less great. The natural charm that is still beautiful and preserved is sure to amaze the eyes of the public when visiting there